In first place we find what is now the tallest building in the world with its 828 meters high. The Burj Khalifa was born as Burj Dubai — and later dedicated to the EAU president — commissioned by the Emir of Dubai to the global leading firm SOM Skidmore, Owinga and Merrill, in 2002. The shape is radically characterized by structural choices in their combination with living spaces. The building is structured by a concrete frame, articulated around a central hexagonal core, a buttressed core, surrounded stiffened by three lateral wings, rising up to the 156^th floor, where a steel structure originates the 213 meters high spire.

The introduction of iron and its alloys in the building industry, in the 18^th and more extensively in the 19^th century, resulted in a generation of marvels of engineering and architecture. In 1889, engineer Gustave Eiffel climbed the 1,710 steps leading to the top of the tower named after him, recently completed in the center of Paris, on the banks of the Seine. The Eiffel Tower remains the most visited monument in the world: figures from 2019 report of about six million tourists per year, that is almost one person in a thousand inhabitants of the planet. Countless pictures of it have been taken, mostly taken from the same distant front perspective, and uncountable words have been written: to enumerate its several record-breaking features, to celebrate some relevant anniversaries, to seek out its copies scattered here and there.

Built over a period of 20 years on the southern bank of the Yamuna River in Agra, India, the famous complex is one of the most remarkable examples of Mughal architecture, combining Indian, Persian and Islamic influences. At its centre is the Taj Mahal, topped by five domes and perfectly symmetrical, like the rest of the complex. Although the walls are entirely covered in marble, the supporting structure is made of red sandstone and brick. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, it remains one of the most famous structures in the world and an extraordinary symbol of India’s rich history.

The famous Empire State Building, which was completed in 1931 and remained the world's tallest skyscraper for more than 40 years, reached the “modest” height of 381 metres (431 metres if the antenna is included). The first major hotel in the city, the Waldorf-Astoria, built in the 19th century by the Astor family, was located where the Empire State Building stands today. The hotel closed its doors in 1929, and the entire building lot was bought by a group of entrepreneurs, including a former General Motors executive and the former governor of New York State. At that time the race was on to build the world’s tallest skyscraper, which was won in 1928 by the Chrysler Building with its height of 318.9 metres. The design of the Empire State Building was entrusted to Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates, who managed to present the project in a record time of just two weeks.

Wanted by King Philip Augustus in 1190 as a castle-fortress to protect Paris from the Vikings, the Palais du Louvre was used for a variety of purposes over the centuries. With the work carried out by Napoleon I, who completed the Cour Carrée, and Napoleon III, who added the buildings surrounding the Carrousel courtyard, the architecture finally took on the appearance we know today. In 1981, the newly elected French President Francois Mitterrand launched a campaign to renovate cultural institutions throughout France, and on this occasion I.M. Pei redesigned the museum’s main courtyard to relieve the congestion of thousands of daily visitors. 

Pei’s design for the Louvre addition implemented a large glass and steel pyramid that is surrounded by three smaller triangles that provide light to the space below Cour Napoleon. For Pei, the glass pyramid provided a symbolic entrance that had historical and figurative significance that reinforced the main entrance.

The Shard, that is the common denomination of the London Bridge Tower by  RPBW Renzo Piano Building Workshop, is one of the major landmarks of London’s transformations in the years 2000. With its 310 meters, “The Shard” is currently the tallest building in London, in the United Kingdom and in the entire European continent. It is undoubtedly a recognizable architecture, and yet a fundamentally aniconic one, aiming at blending with the skyline rather than at standing out from it.  The simplicity of its language and its fundamental evanescence make it a consistent episode in the sequence of Piano’s skyscraper, distant from the whimsical and flashy aesthetics of many contemporary tall buildings.

Designed by UK-based landscape architecture firm Grant Associates, the masterplan is inspired by the orchid, Singapore's national flower, expressing the beauty of orchid flowers through exotic gardens. Here 18 Supertrees provide futuristic landmarks and have been instrumental in shaping Singapore's identity as a “city in a garden”. Tree-like structures between 25 metres and 50 metres high (9 to 16 storeys), these are attractively designed vertical gardens with an emphasis on tropical flowering vines, epiphytes and ferns. The Supertrees are integrated with sustainable energy and water technologies that are an integral part of the Conservatory's cooling. Given the equatorial climate, the grove of Supertrees will help ameliorate discomfort by providing shade and shelter.

A Lutheran place of worship in Reykjavík, Hallgrímskirkja is at 74.5 metres the fifth tallest architectural structure in Iceland. The design was commissioned in 1937 from state architect Guðjón Samúelsson, although construction only began in 1945, after the end of World War II. The white tower includes a stepped belfry and sloping sides in a hexagonal column arrangement. The plastic facade design is inspired by the lava rocks and glaciers of the Icelandic landscape, particularly its basalt columnar formations.