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New York City is the largest and most visited city in the United States. Given its popularity, you would think it would hold very few secrets and for fans of Modernist architecture, but you do tend to see the same three or four buildings there featured on everyone’s Instagram – the Guggenheim, the Seagram Building, Lever House, etc.
But the city actually has an extensive and diverse Modernist architectural heritage. Even as someone who travels to NYC regularly, I’m always finding new examples whenever I visit. So I thought it would be fun to feature a few lesser-known Modernist architectural treasures from New York and its environs.
The buildings featured here are all included in our recently published Mid-Century Modern Architecture Travel Guide, East coast USA (Phaidon, 2018).

Joseph Curran Building
This building was designed for the maritime union and is meant to evoke a ship. But people see lots of different themes in its subdued Googie design. The building was nearly lost when the hospital that acquired owned it received a permit to demolish it to build a tower in this location. But the hospital went bankrupt before that could happen, so it was saved at the last minute.
Title: Joseph Curran Building
Architect: Albert C. Ledner
Completion year: 1964
Photo year: 2017
Address: 30 Seventh Ave. New York, NY 10011
Accessibility: Open to the public (hospital clinic)

Martin Luther King, Jr. High School
Tucked away behind the famed Lincoln Center, this forgotten Modernist glass box appears to hover over the street below like a giant lamp.
Title: Martin Luther King, Jr. High School
Architect: Frost Associates
Completion year: 1975
Photo year: 2017
Address: 122 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10023
Accessibility: Not open to the public, but easily visible from the street

Martin Luther King, Jr. High School
Tucked away behind the famed Lincoln Center, this forgotten Modernist glass box appears to hover over the street below like a giant lamp.
Title: Martin Luther King, Jr. High School
Architect: Frost Associates
Completion year: 1975
Photo year: 2017
Address: 122 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10023
Accessibility: Not open to the public, but easily visible from the street

Greater Refuge Temple
Reminiscent of a circus tent, but in classic mid-century modern colors that seem timeless. This vibrant church in Harlem is a wonderful testament to the surrounding community.
Title: Greater Refuge Temple
Architect: Costas Machlouzaridas
Completion year: 1966
Photo year: 2017
Address: 2081 Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Blvd., New York, NY 10027
Accessibility: Open to the public

Socony-Mobil Building
There are lots of International-style Modernist buildings in Manhattan that get a lot more attention than this one. But I love its stamped aluminum panels, which evoke the sort of breezeblocks you see in a tropical climate, to me.
Title: Socony-Mobil Building
Architect: Harrison & Abramowitz
Completion year: 1955
Photo year: 2017
Address: 150 E. 42nd St., New York, NY 10017
Accessibility: Open to the public

St. Peter’s Church
Tucked underneath the Citigroup Centre building is this cavernous church, which is a quiet sanctuary and welcome respite to the noisy, chaotic city just outside its doors. Unlike most churches, this one is full of light, and feels like something you’d more likely see in Scandinavia.
Title: St. Peter’s Church
Architect: Hugh Stubbins
Completion year: 1977
Photo year: 2017
Address: 619 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10022
Accessibility: Open to the public

The Summit (now a DoubleTree Hotel)
Morris Lapidus designed some of the biggest icons of Miami Beach (Eden Roc, the Fontainebleau, etc.), and his name became synonymous with glamorous resort luxury. But he also designed a few hotels in more sober locations, such as Washington, DC and here in New York City. The snobbier crowds in these cities panned or ignored his designs there, claiming they were “too far from the beach”. With time, we can now appreciate his elegant design.
Title: The Summit (now a DoubleTree Hotel)
Architect: Morris Lapidus
Completion year: 1961
Photo year: 2017
Address: 569 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10022
Accessibility: Open to the public

The Whitney (now the MetBreuer)
Admittedly, the Met Breuer is fairly well known. But still is relatively overlooked by many visitors to New York City.
Title: The Whitney (now the MetBreuer)
Architect: Marcel Breuer
Completion year: 1966
Photo year: 2017
Address: 945 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10021
Accessibility: Open to the public

George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal
Italian engineer and architect Pier Luigi Nervi’s first building in the US is this massive bus terminal at the northern tip of Manhattan - a location few tourists ever get to see, but worth the subway ride.
Title: George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal
Architect: Pier Luigi Nervi
Completion year: 1963
Photo year: 2017
Address: 178th Street, New York, NY 10033
Accessibility: Open to the public

Tracey Towers
Paul Rudolph started his career as one of the founding members of the Sarasota School of Modernism, designing light, glass and wood post & beam structures made for the tropical climate of Florida’s south central gulf coast. But Rudolph moved to Yale and then New York, and his style changed as he embraced a unique form of Metabolist organic brutalism in his work. These towers, designed for a public housing project in the Bronx, seem like something out of a science fiction movie.
Title: Tracey Towers
Architect: Paul Rudolph
Completion year: 1972
Photo year: 2017
Address: 40 West Mosholu Parkway South, New York, NY 10468
Accessibility: Lobbies and outdoor area open to the public

NYU (Now Bronx Community College)
It’s a little known fact that the main campus for New York University was actually in the Bronx. As a way of increasing the profile of that school, the university hired Marcel Breuer to design the master plan and many of the buildings. The idea didn’t work, however, because NYU was forced to sell the campus back to the city and consolidate back in Manhattan shortly thereafter. But the buildings today are now the home of the Bronx Community College.
Title: NYU (Now Bronx Community College)
Architect: Marcel Breuer
Completion year: 1964
Photo year: 2017
Address: 2155 University Ave, New York, NY 10453
Accessibility: Open to the public, but only with appointment booked in advance

NYU (Now Bronx Community College)
It’s a little known fact that the main campus for New York University was actually in the Bronx. As a way of increasing the profile of that school, the university hired Marcel Breuer to design the master plan and many of the buildings. The idea didn’t work, however, because NYU was forced to sell the campus back to the city and consolidate back in Manhattan shortly thereafter. But the buildings today are now the home of the Bronx Community College.
Title: NYU (Now Bronx Community College)
Architect: Marcel Breuer
Completion year: 1964
Photo year: 2017
Address: 2155 University Ave, New York, NY 10453
Accessibility: Open to the public, but only with appointment booked in advance

NYU (Now Bronx Community College)
It’s a little known fact that the main campus for New York University was actually in the Bronx. As a way of increasing the profile of that school, the university hired Marcel Breuer to design the master plan and many of the buildings. The idea didn’t work, however, because NYU was forced to sell the campus back to the city and consolidate back in Manhattan shortly thereafter. But the buildings today are now the home of the Bronx Community College.
Title: NYU (Now Bronx Community College)
Architect: Marcel Breuer
Completion year: 1964
Photo year: 2017
Address: 2155 University Ave, New York, NY 10453
Accessibility: Open to the public, but only with appointment booked in advance

NY State Pavilion from the 1964 World’s Fair
This abandoned structure from the 1964 World’s Fair is reminiscent of a Greek or Roman structure, to me. It’s rare to see Modernist architecture in such a state, but it’s easy to imagine what this must have been like during the Expo, with people milling about and the glass elevators whisking people up to the observation towers.
Title: NY State Pavilion from the 1964 World’s Fair
Architect: Philip Johnson
Completion year: 1964
Photo year: 2017
Address: 14 United Nations Ave. South, Corona, NY 11368
Accessibility: Exterior can be easily seen from the park at any time, but the interior and towers are closed, except for the adjacent enclosed theater, which was also part of the original structure and continues to operate today

Usonian Historic District
The closest Frank Lloyd Wright ever got to designing his utopian community is a group of houses in a development in Pleasantville, NY, about a 20 or 30 minute drive outside of the city. Wright himself designed several of the homes in this development, and approved the designs for the rest, from other architects. Nearly all of the homes are in excellent restored condition today.
Title: Usonian Historic District
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright and others
Completion year: 1946-64
Photo year: 2017
Address: Usonia Road, Pleasantville, NY 10570
Accessibility: Public is free to drive the roads in the community, but all houses are private residences and not open to the public

Manitoga
Designer Russel Wright built his own little hideaway, called “Manitoga” in the Hudson River Valley outside of the city. It’s a wonderful blending of Modernist design and nature, and takes to the extreme the idea of blurring the lines between indoors and out.
Title: Manitoga
Architect: David L. Leavitt with Russel Wright
Completion year: 1960
Photo year: 2017
Address: 584 NY-9D, Garrison, NY 10524
Accessibility: Open for tours, but must reserve in advance.

Manitoga
Designer Russel Wright built his own little hideaway, called “Manitoga” in the Hudson River Valley outside of the city. It’s a wonderful blending of Modernist design and nature, and takes to the extreme the idea of blurring the lines between indoors and out.
Title: Manitoga
Architect: David L. Leavitt with Russel Wright
Completion year: 1960
Photo year: 2017
Address: 584 NY-9D, Garrison, NY 10524
Accessibility: Open for tours, but must reserve in advance.

Orange County Administration Center
The Orange County Administration Center is a great example of Paul Rudolph’s later metabolist design language. But it was nearly lost as the local government wanted to tear it down in favor of a more conventional-looking building. Parts of it were indeed lost in the renovation, but enough still exists to be worth a visit.
Title: Orange County Administration Center
Architect: Paul Rudolph
Completion year: 1967
Photo year: 2017
Address: 255 Main St., Goshen, NY 10924
Accessibility: Open to the public

Stony Brook University Hospital
In the opposite direction from NYC’s Hudson Valley suburbs are the Long Island suburbs. This hospital complex at Stony Brook is another example of architecture emulating science fiction, and appears surreal when seen in person.
Title: Stony Brook University Hospital
Architect: Bertrand Goldberg
Completion year: 1976
Photo year: 2017
Address: 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794
Accessibility: lobby area is open to the public

Caldwell Motor Bank
The New Jersey suburbs of NYC are full of Modernist bank branches like this now defunct office of the Caldwell Motor Bank. Unfortunately, this and many others are now threatened with demolition.
Title: Caldwell Motor Bank
Architect: Rotwein & Blake
Completion year: 1963
Photo year: 2017
Address: 459 Bloomfield Ave., Caldwell, NJ 07006
Accessibility: Exterior is easily visible from the street

Bell Labs
In the post-war era, many corporations opened up large facilities in bedroom communities outside of NYC. Holmdel, NJ became home to a sprawling facility for Bell Labs, whose rather subdued exterior hides a vast, light-filled atrium.
Title: Bell Labs
Architect: Eero Saarinen
Completion year: 1962
Photo year: 2017
Address: 101 Crawford’s Corner Road, Holmdel, NJ 07733
Accessibility: Open to the public

Bell Labs
In the post-war era, many corporations opened up large facilities in bedroom communities outside of NYC. Holmdel, NJ became home to a sprawling facility for Bell Labs, whose rather subdued exterior hides a vast, light-filled atrium.
Title: Bell Labs
Architect: Eero Saarinen
Completion year: 1962
Photo year: 2017
Address: 101 Crawford’s Corner Road, Holmdel, NJ 07733
Accessibility: Open to the public

Garden State Arts Center (now the PNC Arts Center)
The Garden State Arts Center was built to accommodate the growing population who was moving into this suburb to work at Bell Labs and other surrounding technology firms. Edward Durell Stone typically embraced a New Formalist version of Modernism, but his design for this structure evokes a spaceship.
Title: Garden State Arts Center (now the PNC Arts Center)
Architect: Edward Durell Stone
Completion year: 1964
Photo year: 2017
Address: exit 116, Garden State Parkway, Holmdel, NJ 07733
Accessibility: open to the public

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